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Trends in Biochemical Sciences Jun 2022Telomeres are chromosome-capping structures that protect ends of the linear genome from DNA damage sensors. However, these structures present obstacles during DNA... (Review)
Review
Telomeres are chromosome-capping structures that protect ends of the linear genome from DNA damage sensors. However, these structures present obstacles during DNA replication. Incomplete telomere replication accelerates telomere shortening and limits replicative lifespan. Therefore, continued proliferation under conditions of replication stress requires a means of telomere repair, particularly in the absence of telomerase. It was recently revealed that replication stress triggers break-induced replication (BIR) and mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) at mammalian telomeres; however, these mechanisms are error prone and primarily utilized in tumorigenic contexts. In this review article, we discuss the consequences of replication stress at telomeres and how use of available repair pathways contributes to genomic instability. Current research suggests that fragile telomeres are ultimately tumor-suppressive and thus may be better left unrepaired.
Topics: Animals; DNA Repair; DNA Replication; Genomic Instability; Mammals; Telomerase; Telomere; Telomere Homeostasis
PubMed: 35440402
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.03.013 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Jul 2021
PubMed: 34196303
DOI: 10.1172/JCI152477 -
International Journal of Surgery Case... Oct 2022Brenner's tumors are transitional cell ovarian tumors composed of mature cells similar to urothelial cells forming nests within a fibromatous stroma.
INTRODUCTION
Brenner's tumors are transitional cell ovarian tumors composed of mature cells similar to urothelial cells forming nests within a fibromatous stroma.
CASE REPORT
In this observation we report the case of a brenner's tumor diagnosed in a 63 year old female patient. The positive diagnosis was difficult to retain.
DISCUSSION
Brenner tumors are rare fibroepithelial ovarian tumors, representing 1 to 2 % of all ovarian tumors. They are almost always benign.
CONCLUSION
The treatment is essentially surgical and the indication of chemotherapy remains debatable.
PubMed: 36099767
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.107604 -
Neurobiology of Disease Jan 2016Glioblastoma (GBM, Grade IV astrocytoma) is the most common and most aggressive of the primary malignant brain tumors in adults. Hypoxia is a distinct feature in GBM and... (Review)
Review
Glioblastoma (GBM, Grade IV astrocytoma) is the most common and most aggressive of the primary malignant brain tumors in adults. Hypoxia is a distinct feature in GBM and plays a significant role in tumor progression, resistance to treatment and poor outcomes. This review considers the effects of hypoxia on astrocytic tumors and the mechanisms that contribute to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, with a focus on the vascular changes, chemotaxic signaling pathways and metabolic alterations involved.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Humans; Hypoxia
PubMed: 26094595
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.06.007 -
Journal of Mid-life Health 2017Brenner tumor is a rare ovarian neoplasm that is seen in women of the fifth to sixth decade. Classified as benign, borderline, and malignant, these tumors may be...
Brenner tumor is a rare ovarian neoplasm that is seen in women of the fifth to sixth decade. Classified as benign, borderline, and malignant, these tumors may be associated with estrogen production, thus altering the estrogen-progesterone ratio. High estrogen stimulates the endometrium and this is responsible for producing various pathologies, namely, hyperplasia, atypia, and carcinoma. Very few case reports have been published highlighting the same. A case report is being presented here of a coexisting Brenner tumor and well-differentiated endometrial carcinoma in a 55-year-old nulliparous postmenopausal woman.
PubMed: 28706410
DOI: 10.4103/jmh.JMH_3_17 -
Cureus Oct 2023Brenner tumors are relatively uncommon surface epithelial tumors of the ovary, accounting for less than 2% of all ovarian tumors. They may be of benign, borderline, or...
Brenner tumors are relatively uncommon surface epithelial tumors of the ovary, accounting for less than 2% of all ovarian tumors. They may be of benign, borderline, or malignant nature as classified by the World Health Organization. Definitive diagnosis is made by histopathological examination after surgical excision, as it does not have pathognomonic imaging features. Due to the rarity of these tumors, reporting these cases may be beneficial to develop diagnostic and treatment criteria. We herein report two cases of Brenner tumor and discuss the available literature. Two cases of Brenner tumor were reported in addition to the literature review. Electronic search in different databases was used, accessing published full free-text articles in the English language, between January 2010 and December 2017, with the following MeSH terms: ovarian Brenner, Brenner, and ovary Brenner. Nineteen articles were located, of which seven articles were selected because they were consistent with the aims of the review. Twelve articles were excluded as they did not meet the aim of the review. Data from the reviewed articles were used to finalize the conclusive recommendations. Brenner tumors are rare ovarian tumors that are diagnosed by histopathological examination. Radiological investigation has a negligible role in the diagnosis, as Brenner tumors exhibit nonspecific features in imaging studies. To date, surgical excision remains the primary modality in diagnosing and treating Brenner tumors. The clinical characteristics of Brenner tumors require more research to be fully understood.
PubMed: 37937033
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46613 -
Biology of Blood and Marrow... Jan 2011Adoptively transferred T cells have shown activity in treating viral infections after hemopoietic transplantation and anti-tumor activity against some malignancies such... (Review)
Review
Adoptively transferred T cells have shown activity in treating viral infections after hemopoietic transplantation and anti-tumor activity against some malignancies such as melanoma and lymphoma. Current research focuses on defining the optimum type of cell for transfer to improve persistence and genetically modifying infused T cells to augment function, overcome tumor evasion strategies and allow ablation should adverse effects occur.
Topics: Adoptive Transfer; Humans; Immune Evasion; T-Lymphocytes; Transfection; Tumor Escape
PubMed: 21195304
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.09.019 -
Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.) Feb 2016Epithelial ovarian cancer comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors. The four most common subtypes are serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous carcinoma. Less... (Review)
Review
Epithelial ovarian cancer comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors. The four most common subtypes are serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous carcinoma. Less common are transitional cell tumors, including transitional cell carcinoma and malignant Brenner tumor. While in the past these subtypes were grouped together and designated as epithelial ovarian tumors, these tumor types are now known to be separate entities with distinct clinical and biologic behaviors. From a therapeutic standpoint, current regimens employ standard chemotherapy based on stage and grade rather than histotype. However, this landscape may change in the era of personalized therapy, given that most subtypes (with the exception of high-grade serous carcinoma) are relatively resistant to chemotherapy. It is now well-accepted that high-grade and low-grade serous carcinomas represent distinct entities rather than a spectrum of the same tumor type. While they are similar in that patients present with advanced-stage disease, their histologic and molecular features are entirely different. High-grade serous carcinoma is associated with TP53 mutations, whereas low-grade serous carcinomas are associated with BRAF and KRAS mutations. Endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas typically present as early-stage disease and are frequently associated with endometriosis. Mucinous carcinomas typically present as large unilateral masses and often show areas of mucinous cystadenoma and mucinous borderline tumor. It must be emphasized that primary mucinous carcinomas are uncommon tumors, and metastasis from other sites such as the appendix, colon, stomach, and pancreaticobiliary tract must always be considered in the differential diagnosis. Lastly, transitional cell tumors of the ovary, specifically malignant Brenner tumors, are quite uncommon. High-grade serous carcinoma often has a transitional cell pattern, and adequate sampling in most cases shows more typical areas of serous carcinoma. Immunohistochemical markers are routinely employed in the diagnosis of epithelial ovarian carcinomas. However, molecular testing of these tumors, unlike in endometrial carcinoma, is not routinely used in clinical practice.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Immunophenotyping; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Ovarian Neoplasms; Pathology, Molecular; Phenotype; Precision Medicine; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26892153
DOI: No ID Found -
International Immunology Sep 2019Autoinflammatory syndromes are a group of disorders characterized by recurring episodes of inflammation as a result of specific defects in the innate immune system.... (Review)
Review
Autoinflammatory syndromes are a group of disorders characterized by recurring episodes of inflammation as a result of specific defects in the innate immune system. Patients with autoinflammatory disease present with recurrent outbreaks of chronic systemic inflammation that are mediated by innate immune cells, for the most part. A number of these diseases arise from defects in the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signalling pathway leading to elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of these recently defined autoinflammatory diseases has led to a greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of key molecules involved in TNFR signalling, particularly those involved in ubiquitination, as found in haploinsufficiency of A20 (HA20), otulipenia/OTULIN-related autoinflammatory syndrome (ORAS) and linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) deficiency. In this review, we also address other TNFR signalling disorders such as TNFR-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), RELA haploinsufficiency, RIPK1-associated immunodeficiency and autoinflammation, X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency (X-EDA-ID) and we review the most recent advances surrounding these diseases and therapeutic approaches currently used to target these diseases. Finally, we explore therapeutic advances in TNF-related immune-based therapies and explore new approaches to target disease-specific modulation of autoinflammatory diseases.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Inflammation; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 30838383
DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz024 -
Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) Dec 2018The S100 protein family contains 20 functionally expressed members, which are commonly dysregulated in cancer. Their wide range of functions includes cell proliferation,... (Review)
Review
The S100 protein family contains 20 functionally expressed members, which are commonly dysregulated in cancer. Their wide range of functions includes cell proliferation, cell differentiation, regulation of transcription factors, inflammation, chemotaxis, and angiogenesis. S100 proteins have in several types of cancer proven to be biomarkers for disease progression and prognosis. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive disease in which immature myeloblasts replace normal hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. This review focuses on the S100 protein family members, which commonly are dysregulated in AML, and on the consequences of their dysregulation in the disorder. Like in other cancers, it appears as if S100 proteins are potential biomarkers for leukemogenesis. Furthermore, several S100 members seem to be involved in maintaining the leukemic phenotype. For these reasons, specific S100 proteins might serve as prognostic biomarkers, especially in the patient subset with intermediate/undetermined risk, and as potential targets for patient-adjusted therapy. Because the question of the most suitable candidate S100 biomarkers in AML still is under discussion, because particular AML subgroups lead to specific S100 signatures, and because downstream effects and the significance of co-expression of potential S100 binding partners in AML are not fully elucidated yet, we conclude that a panel of S100 proteins will probably be best suited for prognostic purposes.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Multigene Family; Prognosis; S100 Proteins; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 30366122
DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.09.007